These videos illustrate the rigid postures and stereotypies that result from administration of psychostimulant drugs.

Panksepp JB & R Huber. 2004. Ethological analyses of crayfish behavior: A new invertebrate system for measuring the rewarding properties of psychostimulants. Behavioural Brain Research 153: 171-180

• Cocaine Infusion
• Cocaine Posture
• Amphetamine Exploration
• Amphetamine Grooming

Huber R, Imeh-Nathaniel A, Nathaniel TI, Gore S, Datta U, Bhimani, R, Panksepp J & MJ van Staaden. submitted. Drug-sensitive Reward in Crayfish: Exploring the Neural Basis of Addiction with Automated Learning Paradigms

• 4-MMA Posture
• Mephedrone Grooming
• MDMA Stereotypies