van Staaden MJ, & H Römer 1998 Evolutionary transition from stretch to hearing organs in ancient grasshoppers. Nature 394: 773-776

Ears of modern insect occur on a wide variety of body parts and are thought to have evolved from ubiquitous stretch or vibration receptors. This relationship, based on comparative anatomy and similarities in the embryological development of ears in divergent taxa, has led to the widespread assumption of homology of these structures in insects, although this has not been tested rigorously. Here we report on the hearing organs of a relatively ancient, atympanate bladder grasshopper (Bullacris membracioides), which is capable of signalling acoustically over ~ 2km. We show that, within single individuals of this species, serially repeated abdominal ears show functional continuity from simple to more complex forms. All 12 morphologically differentiated organs respond to sound frequencies and intensities that are biologically significant, and mediate adaptive behavioural responses. By linking observations at the anatomical, physiological and behavioural level, our experiments provide evidence for the transition in function and selective advantage during the evolutionary development of this complex structure. It is possible that ancestral insects with only simple pleural receptors had auditory capability covering distances substantially greater than contemporary insects with tympanate ears.